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A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most popular kind of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling type. In the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for continuously changeable transmissions which can multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is one type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional element which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics through occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components in a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the term stator originates from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Changes to the basic three element design have been integrated sometimes. These changes have proven worthy particularly in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. More often than not, these alterations have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Every set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances comprise the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different automobile converters comprise a lock-up clutch in order to lessen heat and in order to enhance the cruising power and transmission efficiency, though it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
